The Fight Against Invasives

Image credit: National Geographic

by Dick Hall-Sizemore

One fascinating aspect of the General Assembly is legislation that does not make headlines but is important to a fervent group of Virginians and that could have an impact on the state as a whole.

In recent years, the problem of invasive plants has gained the attention of legislators. In 2009, the General Assembly defined an invasive plant as one “that is not native to the ecosystem and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic harm or harm to human health.”

The requirement that an introduced plant must cause harm in order for it to be considered invasive is the key to the definition. That means the daffodils that are now adding some cheer to my backyard in the middle of winter are not invasive. On the other hand, the English ivy in my yard is invasive.

That statutory definition does not identify the specific plants that should be considered invasive. Consequently, there could be disagreements among “plant people” and confusion in the general public. Last year, the General Assembly directed the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) to “create a list of invasive plant species” by January 1, 2024. It also prohibited any state agency from planting, selling, or propagating any plant on that list, except under narrowly defined situations. (The Virginia Mercury has described this years-long history in detail.)

For those who are curious, the DCR list of invasive plant species can be found here. The presence on the list of kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) is probably not surprising. Perhaps surprising is the presence of English ivy (Hedera helix), mimosa (Albizia julibrissin), and Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana) on the list. These are all common ornamental plants that can be bought in nurseries and big box stores.

It has been the goal of plant enthusiasts to prohibit the sale of invasive plants. This year the General Assembly is on track for them to almost accomplish that goal. HB 47 , introduced by Del. Holly Seibold (D-Fairfax) and SB 306, introduced by Sen. Saddam Azian Salim (D-Fairfax), would prohibit the sale by any retail establishment of any plant on the invasives plant list unless the store posts a sign identifying the plant for sale as invasive. The Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services would be responsible for implementation of the prohibition. Violators would be subject to a civil fine of up to $500.


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75 responses to “The Fight Against Invasives”

  1. how_it_works Avatar
    how_it_works

    Someone on the local Facebook page was asking if anyone had any Kudzu roots or seeds. They later clarified that they weren’t going to plant them, but wanted them for their medicinal properties.

  2. Phragmites australis is a particularly invasive non-native reed found in many areas of the Chesapeake Bay. Most citations point to ships from Europe as the origin in the U.S. What rarely shows up is the use by the U.S. Army for reed-bed dewatering of waste water sludge. There’s not one mention of invasiveness in the 50 locations in ME, VT, PA, NJ, IN, listed in the 1993 US Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratories Technical Report. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA273500.pdf

  3. LarrytheG Avatar

    I have a view of what happens over longer periods of time, no ten or twenty years but hundreds, thousands in terms of “invasives”.

    Over the longer periods of time, new species will make inroads and if they turn out to be better adapted, they will take over and prevail.

    It’s not something we can stop, especially if factors like weather and climate, tides, land movement, etc are in play.

    Even in modern times, once an invasive is in place, if it actually is
    better adapted…than it’s competitors, trying to kill it off can be futile.

    And in some respect, one can ask – like with Hydrilla which is in the Rappahannock, Rivanna, James and other rivers… it actually produces better water quality by filtering out the things that reduce water quality, not unlike what mussels and oysters do.

    1. Dick Hall-Sizemore Avatar
      Dick Hall-Sizemore

      There is an Invasives Plant Task Force that works in the James River Park System in Richmond. Its members admit they can eradicate invasive plants; their goal is to control them. They have done some impressive work over the past few years.

      This is the first that I have heard anything good about hydrilla. In fact, everything that I have read says it decreases water quality. For example, here is the conclusion of a study conducted in New York: “Hydrilla is a high priority risk for river and reservoir systems as it can impact water quality, aquatic habitat, and recreational uses. The species forms dense mats of vegetation, outcompeting native species, reducing dissolved oxygen, and raising pH (Langeland 1996). Decay of plant litter can increase natural organic matter in reservoirs, which is a precursor to disinfection byproduct formation.” https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dep/downloads/pdf/environment/science-research/wrf-expert-study-hydrilla.pdf

      1. LarrytheG Avatar

        They do that in Bloody Angle , usually when the summer interns show up!

        But they only are dealing with the invasives in that park while the land all
        around that park are left untouched:

        https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4b3f170952b4a5d16ec6b0bd99628f8d1b9660e7821a5d990e1518f73e4b5baa.png

        1. Dick Hall-Sizemore Avatar
          Dick Hall-Sizemore

          There are probably two reasons why the effort is liminted to the park.
          1. The land around is private land. They would have to go to a lot of trouble to work on private land: permissions, liability, etc. In addition, the private land has its owners to control invasive plants.
          2. It takes a lot of effort and manpower to get invasives under control and maintain that status. Even the park is probably bigger than they can handle with the number of volunteers they have.

          1. LarrytheG Avatar

            I agree but it really does point out the futility of it. It’s more about keeping the
            invasives out of the park rather than wiping out the invasives altogether.

            In the longer run, the invasives are going to take hold and stay and initially they may
            be more mono-culture but over time other plants will adapt and compete also and
            in the bigger picture – ‘we’ don’t have that much effect other than to keep the invasives
            out of some places like parks and our yards, etc.

            I realize this attitude is out of step with the anti-invasives folk but the scope and scale is so large that I’m not sure we have every had much success at total elimination of an invasive while almost all of them take hold and maintain some presence .

            Kudzu and bamboo are two that are all over the place and I see no widespread effort to wipe
            them out – everywhere. We seem to have accepted that they are here and not going away.

          2. Dick Hall-Sizemore Avatar
            Dick Hall-Sizemore

            I share, to some extent, your feeling of futility. However, that should not stop us from trying to educate folks and controlling invasives in areas that we can do so.

          3. LarrytheG Avatar

            I agree. It’s just something that is way more complex than the narrative seems to say sometimes.

    2. Hydrilla does not improve water quality. “Large infestations can cause oxygen depletion zones which can lead to fish kills. Hydrilla can also cause algae blooms, leading to even more depleted oxygen levels.
      ‘Hydrilla also poses serious economic threats to communities surrounding infested waters. Hydrilla can reduce waterflow in canals, clogging waterways which can cause flooding, clog irrigation canals, and has the ability to damage dams and water plants. Clogged waterways make it difficult (and impossible if left unmanaged) for boats to travel through, which can lead to decreased tourism and can adversely affect anglers and fisherman. Recreational activities can also be hampered. Boaters cannot enjoy infested waters, swimming becomes more difficult due to the increased risk of drowning, and the adverse affects on fish lead to decreased fishing.” More at https://ccetompkins.org/environment/aquatic-invasives/hydrilla/about-hydrilla/hydrilla-faq#whyisitsobad

      1. LarrytheG Avatar

        Yep, I’m aware of the literature so I might stand corrected, but I would ask:

        Is Hydrilla bad no matter where it is or
        are there places where Hydrilla is a natural part of the environment, like Asia and Australia?

        Or is it bad no matter where it is?

        Because it adapts so much better than it’s competitors, it’s not going away.

        Here’s a funny thing – some fish like Bass and Brown trout are considered “invasives” – they were brought here, they were not native. They work to keep them out of some rivers and streams at the same time they are stocking them in others!

      2. DJRippert Avatar

        “Follow the science” quoth the liberals.

        Hydrilla is bad!

        But wait …

        https://www.waterworld.com/drinking-water/potable-water-quality/article/16223410/exotic-hydrilla-benefits-chesapeake-bays-ecosystem

        Hydrilla is good!

        As a lifelong fisherman of the Potomac and Chesapeake, I say Hydrilla is good!

        Now, the blue catfish intentionally introduced into the James River (which have now spread to most of the Chesapeake Bay) by the bird-brains of the Virginia state government … not so much.

        1. LarrytheG Avatar

          I could not find that article. Thanks! Not sure Carol will like this. 😉

          1. DJRippert Avatar

            It may be that the Potomac, near DC, was such a mess that hydrilla helped whereas a less polluted body of water would have been harmed.

            For years, all we caught from the Wilson Bridge to the DC line was catfish and white perch. Then came the hydrilla. Then came the large mouth bass.

            Now they hold pro bass fishing tournaments on the Potomac.

          2. LarrytheG Avatar

            I paddle rivers and hydrilla colonizes some places but the dynamic nature of rivers
            makes it hard for hydrilla to completely take hold but it does look to me where the hydrilla
            is that the water is more clear and it becomes a hiding place for various critters.

            At Lake Anna, it’s not hydrilla that is the problem – it’s toxic algae: From the Summer: ” The North Anna Branch – from the upper inundated waters of the North Anna arm of the lake downstream to the Rt. 522 Bridge – is the section of the lake currently under a swimming advisory due to unsafe levels of cyanobacteria:

            Cyanobacteria have the potential to produce toxins. People and pets are advised to avoid swimming, windsurfing, and stand-up-paddle-boarding, as well as other activities that pose a risk of ingesting water. ”

            “Cyanobacteria usually multiply and bloom when the water is warm, stagnant, and rich in nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) from sources such as fertilizer runoff or septic tank overflows.”

            Lake Anna has hydrilla also and they’ve imported “sterile” grass carp to eat it.

            Lake Anna has no public water/sewer, lots and lots of “resort” houses – all on well and septic.

        2. Dick Hall-Sizemore Avatar
          Dick Hall-Sizemore

          Nature is complicated. And, as you have shown, scientists sometimes don’t agree. Or, perhaps, in some conditions, one organism is beneficial and, in others, not so much. I will leave it to those who know a lot more than I do about this issue (very little) to sort it out.

          1. LarrytheG Avatar

            I’m just a bit of a skeptic over these efforts – over the long run.

            We “humans” don’t control this stuff, it’s way beyond our ability for the most part IMO.

            We actually have caused a lot of it! We continue to “tinker” with introducing “invasives” then express shock and surprises when it goes sideways!

            My understanding, for instance, is that the claim that the invasives grass carp for hydrilla control are 100% “sterilized” is now in doubt … that maybe 99 44/100 % are but not 100%. The implications of this, if true, are mind boggling to me!

            😉

            I’m not saying give it up but at the same time, being realistic about it is necessary so we don’t expend resources that won’t generate any return other than mostly “feel good”.

  4. Chip Gibson Avatar
    Chip Gibson

    “Last year, the General Assembly directed the…DCR to “create a list of invasive plant species” by January 1, 2024.” Are Liz Cheney and the Northern Invasive Carpetbagger (NIC) plant listed there…?

    1. how_it_works Avatar
      how_it_works

      “Northern Invasive Carpetbagger”

      The only sure-fire way to control that one is to reduce or eliminate what they feed on, namely, Federal jobs.

  5. LarrytheG Avatar

    “Invasives” are much more than just plants. All kinds of insects and other critters can move in and become part of the food web and not unlike what happens when existing critters in the food web go away, and then the other things, in the food web that fed on them also go away. They’re not there stand-alone, they’re there with other things that constitute a food-web, ecosystem with other participants.

    Think of birds, amphibians, insects and migrations and how they do change and birds once common become less so or just are no longer there or vice versa, birds not commonly seen become more common. Perhaps some plant or insect they feed on went away or a new one, an “invasive” got established when then, in turn, supported new critters.

    It’s pretty complex and I would think very, very difficult to do much more beyond noticing the numbers of things that are changing. The “why’s” have to be the realm of those with PHDs and such I would think.

  6. From the title I thought this was going to be about NoVAites moving to SWVA

    1. LarrytheG Avatar

      no, that’s the term used in Spotsylvania to denote NoVa transplants.

      We’re now overrun with them and their two most favorite things are driving cars, overwhelming roads and restaurants and complaining about the lack of amenities they were used to in NOVA.

      1. how_it_works Avatar
        how_it_works

        Yea, but landowners in your area made out great by selling their land to developers.

        Don’t worry about me, though. In the unlikely event that my financial situation becomes so bad that moving down there seems to be a viable option, I’ll move out of state.

      2. how_it_works Avatar
        how_it_works

        Yea, but landowners in your area made out great by selling their land to developers.

        Don’t worry about me, though. In the unlikely event that my financial situation becomes so bad that moving down there seems to be a viable option, I’ll move out of state.

      3. DJRippert Avatar

        Spotsylvania has been part of NoVa for decades, Larry.

        1. LarrytheG Avatar

          the impacts of NoVa invasives continues to grow though, year after year and we get the worst of what NoVa is really about – traffic! NoVa folks LOVE to drive! WHO would drive 2+ hours a day to get to/from work?
          NoVa folks!

      4. how_it_works Avatar
        how_it_works

        Yea, but landowners in your area made out great by selling their land to developers.

        Don’t worry about me, though. In the unlikely event that my financial situation becomes so bad that moving down there seems to be a viable option, I’ll move out of state.

        1. LarrytheG Avatar

          The theory was/is that “real” Spotsylvanians were dirt-poor farmers with no social security nor Medicare and they sold their land to pay for their retirement. They did not get from it what
          developers got when they resold it after encouraging the county to run water/sewer than allowed
          maximum subdivision of land to lots. Of course the traffic situation is all VDOT’s “fault”.

          1. how_it_works Avatar
            how_it_works

            So, the evil carpetbagger tricked the poor, stupid Virginian into selling his land for pennies on the dollar?

          2. LarrytheG Avatar

            What do you expect from NoVa developers? Like Locusts, they are. 😉

          3. how_it_works Avatar
            how_it_works

            Around here it seems to be the heirs of the landowner who sell off the property to a developer…and they make a good profit doing it.

          4. LarrytheG Avatar

            Down here also but proxmity matters.. We have rural that does not have water/sewer and cannot be easily subdivided. These days it has to have a VDOT spec road, not cheap.

            Rural folks typically don’t have college, tend to be blue collar types that work in the trades and prefer living in a manufactured house on Mom/Dads property.

            We have NoVa types that sell their homes and buy 5, 10 acres that backs up to a reservoir or National Park ,etc.

          5. Thomas Carter Avatar
            Thomas Carter

            Once it is gone, it is gone for good.

          6. LarrytheG Avatar

            well… changed… If you look at Virginia way back in Colonial days when the favored were given thousands of acres and huge plantations were “in the family” and now… most are completely chopped up and hard to recognize in their original form.

            change.

    2. energyNOW_Fan Avatar
      energyNOW_Fan

      Fire Ants moving north from the South…know your true enemy.

  7. Randy Huffman Avatar
    Randy Huffman

    Interesting read and I have followed this a little on a few things. We all know Kudzu is highly destructive, but one thing highly prevailing in our neighborhood (Charlottesville area) is stiltgrass which is totally taking over in places. Easy to pull/kill, but they are so prevalent. Another problem is wineberries, and Trees of heaven are making inroads.

    I was surprised to see barberries on the list, especially since they are sold everywhere and I planted about ten 5 years ago and was just trimming them down this morning with heavy gloves. I suspect the seeds are in the berries which birds eat and spread, I have noticed volunteers sprouting so that may be the problem, so will try and throttle back.

    Vinca is on the low risk, and will note the deer eat them up in the winter (sadly deer don’t eat stiltgrass….).

    1. energyNOW_Fan Avatar
      energyNOW_Fan

      we have the stilt grass in Fairfax bad. I have a $100 stuff that is selective herbicide that kills it in the yard pretty well. I think Porcelain plant has taken over instead of Kudzu. Really bad here.

      I would not know Kudzu if I saw it, I do not really see it around.

      The Porcelain plant is really cramping VDOT’s style up there, whereas they seem adverse to cleaning roads and sidewalks, but the Porcelain plant just covers up sidewalks and trees very quickly.

    2. energyNOW_Fan Avatar
      energyNOW_Fan

      we have the stilt grass in Fairfax bad. I have a $100 stuff that is selective herbicide that kills it in the yard pretty well. I think Porcelain plant has taken over instead of Kudzu. Really bad here.

      I would not know Kudzu if I saw it, I do not really see it around.

      The Porcelain plant is really cramping VDOT’s style up there, whereas they seem adverse to cleaning roads and sidewalks, but the Porcelain plant just covers up sidewalks and trees very quickly.

      1. LarrytheG Avatar

        We have some kind of weed down this way that has completely taken over and would do so in the yard if not cut.

        1. energyNOW_Fan Avatar
          energyNOW_Fan

          The Porcelain plant has the nice blue/purple berries in the Fall.

      2. Randy Huffman Avatar
        Randy Huffman

        Interesting. There is a vine that has taken over some trees way back down from my property that I assumed was Virginia creeper’s (it not poison ivy nor kudzu), now I wonder if it is this Porcelain Berry. I will try and pay attention to it in the Spring/summer. These have berries so it seems consistent with this. Our neighborhood is trying to get homeowners to eradicate stilt grass and trees of heaven, now there may be another item on the list.

        To Larry’s point on another exchange, we have a bunch of common area behind our houses which is great for trails and getting out, but impossible for anyone to take out these invasive. While I go and and do what I can behind my house, most homeowners don’t.

        I did a search and found the Porcelain Berry picture here:
        https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/02e611097337d1a98cfe583a4c30f74f41d48777fd72c14ad71482eb4923f298.jpg

        1. energyNOW_Fan Avatar
          energyNOW_Fan

          Yep that’s it

        1. LarrytheG Avatar

          how about stilt grass?

          yes.. when we consider the entire landscape beyond just a place we care about , dealing with invasives is a whole nother problem!

          1. Randy Huffman Avatar
            Randy Huffman

            Here. It grows about a foot tall or so and totally takes over, which makes it hard to walk through and the ticks like to hang in there and attach on you, so terrible for hiking paths. They don’t grow up trees or shrubs, but they will kill native woodland grasses and groundcover, and take over meadows (I have a wildflower meadow so need to pull them). They are an annual but seed like crazy, so best to get it pulled or sprayed before seeds developing the fall. I have been told the seeds will stay in the soil for a few years, so it needs attention until eradicated, but if they are in surrounding areas, they will “creep your way”.

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/e5be1be8cbab94ba6aa2ebaafd99a4272ee429f375c8fa7f18e36a3489f3d9cd.jpg

          2. Randy Huffman Avatar
            Randy Huffman

            Here. It grows about a foot tall or so and totally takes over, which makes it hard to walk through and the ticks like to hang in there and attach on you, so terrible for hiking paths. They don’t grow up trees or shrubs, but they will kill native woodland grasses and groundcover, and take over meadows (I have a wildflower meadow so need to pull them). They are an annual but seed like crazy, so best to get it pulled or sprayed before seeds developing the fall. I have been told the seeds will stay in the soil for a few years, so it needs attention until eradicated, but if they are in surrounding areas, they will “creep your way”.

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/e5be1be8cbab94ba6aa2ebaafd99a4272ee429f375c8fa7f18e36a3489f3d9cd.jpg

          3. LarrytheG Avatar

            I spray it at the house and environs but no way to stop it in the woods and along the roads…

  8. how_it_works Avatar
    how_it_works

    As far as the Bradford Pear goes, that tree was developed by the USDA at their facility in Maryland.

    I had one at my old house and it fell apart in a windstorm, leaving nothing but a trunk coming out of the ground about 7 feet high. Every other part of the tree was on the ground.

    Best use for a Bradford Pear is to feed it into a Vermeer chipper and turn it into mulch.

    1. James Wyatt Whitehead Avatar
      James Wyatt Whitehead

      The streets of old town Fredericksburg were lined with the Badawful pear tree once. All gone now. The town arborist finally figured it out.

      1. how_it_works Avatar
        how_it_works

        Prince William County, by the way, does not allow the Bradford Pear to be used to meet tree requirements. It’s in their Design and Construction Standards Manual.

      2. how_it_works Avatar
        how_it_works

        One day, my dad told the landscaping company he wanted 3 trees planted in the backyard. He didn’t specify what kind.

        Yep, they planted 3 Bradford Pears.

        After dad passed away I had them cut down and my brother and I fed the remains into a Vermeer BC600XL chipper, rented from Sunbelt Rentals.

        They were taking over the backyard. It was either prune them or take them down.

        1. LarrytheG Avatar

          they drop smelly “fruit” also, right? City of Fredericksburg put in hundreds of them before they discovered their “bad” side.

          1. how_it_works Avatar
            how_it_works

            Yes, they do. The smell isn’t pleasant. Don’t park your car under them.

          2. LarrytheG Avatar

            you mean like you’re parking on a city street lined with them? 😉

          3. how_it_works Avatar
            how_it_works

            Bad enough I parked on a driveway next to just one of them!

    2. energyNOW_Fan Avatar
      energyNOW_Fan

      We had a Bradford derivative from Merrifield garden center, I am surprised they sold it back then ~2006. Roots rotted and it started to topple, I had to have it cut down. Fairfax is overgrown with invasive Porcelain plant.

      1. how_it_works Avatar
        how_it_works

        The Bradford Pear is like a metaphor for Northern Virginia. Grows quickly and falls apart just as fast.

    3. Bradford pear trees are useful as a quick way to get shade on your property while you wait for the “real trees” (maples, oaks, etc.) you plant at the same time to grow. They can, and in my opinion should, be removed as soon as the slower growing species start to get big enough to provide shade.

      1. how_it_works Avatar
        how_it_works

        They are basically a disposable tree.

        1. Exactly.

          And by the way, there are some fast-growing hybrid species available now that can serve the same purpose as the Bradford pear – so maybe they really are useless…

          1. how_it_works Avatar
            how_it_works

            All depends on how easily they can be turned into mulch. Trunk diameters of less than 6″ are preferable so you can use the smallest Vemeer chipper.

  9. Kathleen Smith Avatar
    Kathleen Smith

    My daughter rents goats out to eat kudzu. She doesn’t make a lot, but she has about 15 goats. NC and TN mountains

    1. LarrytheG Avatar

      goats do good work! No one has mentioned
      bamboo so far. We have a fair amount up this
      way. Hard to get rid of once it gets into roots,
      not even sure goats can deal with it.

      1. Kathleen Smith Avatar
        Kathleen Smith

        I totally agree!!

      2. how_it_works Avatar
        how_it_works

        A friend of mine has bamboo at his house (one of the previous owners planted it) and it’s growing out of control. He has to rip it down at least once a year and it still grows back. Not sure how you’d get rid of it permanently…

        1. LarrytheG Avatar

          once it gets in the ground good, it’s dang near impossible… have to keep going back
          every year and whacking on the tubers.. I think much tougher than Kudzu to get rid of.

          1. how_it_works Avatar
            how_it_works

            My Bradford Pear proved to be pretty difficult to get rid of. After I ground the stump down, it continued to send shoots out of the ground. I’d rip them out, and a couple days later there would be more.

            Then one day I read a suggestion to mix up some weed killer containing glyphosate (like Roundup, though I don’t recall exactly what I used, I just know it contained glyphosate) and put it in a container, and take one of the shoots, cut the top off to expose the inside, and put it in the container and leave it that way for a couple of days.

            The idea being that it would suck the weed killer down and it would get into the roots and kill it.

            I tried it.

            It worked. It stopped sending up shoots.

            A couple years later, I had mushrooms in the area where the tree was.

            I wonder if you exposed enough of the bamboo roots to cut one off and get it into a container of glyphosate weed killer..it might work the same way?

          2. LarrytheG Avatar

            Might be worth trying. Google thinks so.

  10. Kathleen Smith Avatar
    Kathleen Smith

    I also have bamboo. It was there when I bought the house. Every May it comes up and I have to keep it from my driveway. Had to replace the driveway about ten years ago.

  11. Kathleen Smith Avatar
    Kathleen Smith

    Goats can eat bamboo, but not new sprouts. Only older sprouts. So no goats.

  12. Walter Hadlock Avatar
    Walter Hadlock

    Thank you for running this article, especially the links to various Virginia government sites. You are the only one to have run such an informative article. Even a long term environmental org. to which we belong here in Northern Virginia has dropped the ball and is not following the House and Senate bills.

  13. Thomas Carter Avatar
    Thomas Carter

    Staunton, Virginia, planted a long row of Bradford Pear trees in the median of Statler Boulevard years ago and added a sign proudly calling it the “Avenue of Trees.” It didn’t take long for spotty decline and damage from ice and snow to eliminate that eyesore.

  14. I have no problem with a ban on planting invasive species on public land.

    I like native species and I try my best to plant only native plant species on my property. I do not support requiring others to do so on their private property.

    However, anyone who thinks we can eradicate most, or even many, of the currently existing invasive species is dreaming, and it would be a waste of money to fund a concerted effort to do so.

  15. Kentucky Tall Fescue is an invasive species, and it’s one of, if not the, best selling grass seed in Virginia.

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