It’s a Nuclear Power Plant, Dude, What Were You Thinking?

In 1971, Dominion Virginia Power created a man-made lake, Lake Anna, to serve as water coolant for the power company’s two nuclear power generators situated on the shoreline. As part of the project, the company built a series of dikes and lagoons through which water from the power plant passed. The design allowed for a “cool” end of the lake — around 99 degrees.

Soon thereafter, the state established a state park, and landowners began selling lots for recreational development. Today, about 2,600 homes — some valued as high as $1 million — are scattered around the edge of the lake.

You can guess what’s coming, can’t you? Now some residents are concerned by Dominion’s plans to build a third generator. They’re worried what might happen to water levels, water temperatures and water quality in the lake, according to Calvin Trice, writing in the Times-Dispatch. Some residents fear that warmer water will lead to algae blooms and the appearance of Naegleria fowleri, also known as “brain-eating amoebae.”

Harry Ruth is head of the Friends of Lake Anna, which has joined with the Lake Anna Civic Association and the Lake Anna Boating and Recreation group to form a task force. His main objective, judging from the Times-Dispatch story, is to keep the water temperature at the public end of the lake under 100 degrees. Let’s recapitulate the pertinent facts:

Dominion built the lake to serve its nuclear power plant.

Dominion owns the lake.

Dominion was there first.

The power plant is highly visible — there is no way anyone could buy property on the lake and not know they were building within a few miles of a nuclear, friggin’ power plant.

When Dominion built the facility, it set aside land to accommodate a third nuclear generator. It was no secret that Dominion was keeping open the option of building it one day.

When people bought land on the lake, they paid less for their lots than they otherwise would because not everybody wants to live within a few miles of a nuclear, friggin’ power plant. When you build that close to a nuclear power plant, you assume a modicum of risk that something less than desirable might happen one day!

Dominion doesn’t need another PR controversy that makes it look like the bad guy, so it has altered the design for the prospective third reactor to incorporate a cooling tower that would use considerably less water than originally planned.

My question: How much does that new cooling tower cost? How many tens of millions of dollars will Dominion’s rate payers fork out over the next 30 years so lake residents don’t have to worry about algae blooms that have yet to be seen and brain-eating amoebae that state environmental officials have found no evidence of?

“I guess we would feel a whole lot better if the water were at least under a hundred degrees, but Dominion doesn’t appear to want do anything to help with that,” Harry Ruth told the Times-Dispatch.

Waaaah. I’d feel a whole lot better if I didn’t have to pay to maintain the lifestyle amenities of Ruth and his neighbors.

Update: Reader Larry Gross raises some interesting issues regarding the impact of Dominion’s third nuclear generator on water levels and water flows downstream from Lake Anna. Read the comments for his observations. The situation appears to be more complicated than I have portrayed it, basing my remarks as I did on the Times-Dispatch story alone.

(Photo credit: Skywash.net. Click on image for bigger picture.)


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14 responses to “It’s a Nuclear Power Plant, Dude, What Were You Thinking?”

  1. Larry Gross Avatar
    Larry Gross

    First, a little geography/watershed lesson.

    The North Anna River confluences with the South Anna River just east of I-95 in Hanover County and becomes the Pamunkey where it continues east until it confluences with the Mattapponi River and it becomes the York river – which is tidal and the major River that goes into the Chesapeake Bay south of the Rappahannock River and North of the James River.

    Next – a quick n’ dirty tutorial on Environmental regs.

    While Dominion does own the Lake – it does not own the water in the Lake nor does it own the water in the North Anna River below the lack.

    The citizens of the Commonwealth and the Chesapeake Bay own it.

    How much water actually flows in the River and how warm it is – is not for Dominion to decide.

    So what they cannot do is to not release water into the river and when they release water into the river, it cannot be beyond a certain temperature necessary for the types of critters who would live there …without the Nukes.

    I don’t know what the exact temperate limit is but it’s not 90 degrees; that means that Dominion has to “mix” the hot and cold water so to speak such as to not exceed their limits.

    The question that Harry Ruth and others are asking among others is .. can Dominion.. using the existing technologies stay within their current permit without further degradation of the River as they already do not have to put more than 40cfs (cubic feet per second) into it.

    To give you an idea of how small that is – the James through Richmond even during low flows in the summer is right now 526 cfs which is a very low flow since at higher levels it can easily be several thousand cfs.

    The North Anna, in contrast, today is 42 cfs and the South Anna is 45.

    Why is this important?

    because at low flow levels – the oxygen levels in the lower reaches of the River and the Bay are precariously low – and cannot go much lower without significant “dead” zones – which kill crabs and oysters as well as other critters.

    So.. the story behind this story is .. a little more complicated.

    Even though Harry is concerned more about the Lake.. he’s also concerned about what happens to the River below.

  2. Anonymous Avatar
    Anonymous

    Good for you, Larry!

    Someone needs to explain the facts of life to Jim Bacon.

    Peter Galuszka

  3. Anonymous Avatar
    Anonymous

    Yeah, Larry is right on this one.

    Just because Nukes don’t create greenhouse gases doesn’t mean they don’t contribute to global warming.

    On the other hand, the mixing Larry talks about continues throughout all those rivers. Even though the plant keeps the (captive) lake pretty warm, how much heat is really added to the CB, and how much does that lower the oxygen carrying ability?

    Bottom line: Ruth is concerned about his property values, and Bacon is concerned about his.

    RH

  4. Jim Bacon Avatar
    Jim Bacon

    Actually, that was a pretty plausible explanation, Larry. Too bad none of it was in the article…

  5. Larry Gross Avatar
    Larry Gross

    thanks!

    One of the things that Dominion had made quiet initial inquiries on to DEQ about a proposed North Anna 3 – was the release flow – known in DEQ-parlance as MIS – Minimum Instream Flow.

    Just the inquiry .. caused alarm for some folks.

    Then this led to more concerns as to why Dominion might want a reduced flow and it became obvious that heat buildup was at issue.

    RH – it’s not the heat .. it’s the reduced flow ….

    and higher temperature in a lake accelerates the evaporation – check out what it has done to Lake Lanier near Atlanta and virtually all lakes out in the Southwest.

    Rivers have a seasonal rhythm.. that affect a lot of species, their reproduction, migratory patterns and these, in turn the food web that affects all critters in that watershed.

    When you cut the year-round, daily flow to 40 cfs – you change the ecology of the river – and the bay.

    If you cut it even lower than that – we know – from experience with other rivers – the potential for harm is greater. I would be like having a non-stop drought.

    At any rate – the main point is that while Dominion controls the lake – they don’t control the River.

    and if you think about it – this is another environmental “subsidy”.

    No.. it’s not as bad as blasting off mountain tops but it ain’t “free” either.

    Personal opinion – I’d like to see smaller, more localized nukes of the non-meltdown design….

    these big Nukes are worrisome.. they’ve got a big fat bullseye on them and though the odds are probably a gazillion to one – we know enough about the impacts to know that they will be very damaging… economically.

    .. and if you are “reassured” that the Feds will step in and make everyone whole.. I refer you to Katrina….

  6. Bookstore Piet Avatar
    Bookstore Piet

    Regardless of where you stand on this issues the phrase:

    ‘…you assume a modicum of risk that something less than desirable might happen one day!’

    -is quite possibly the funniest understatement I have read all year.

  7. Larry Gross Avatar
    Larry Gross

    hold on to your hats…

    who says we need Nukes?

    Cutline: “New Technology Could Make Roads a Solar Energy Source

    The most efficient form of renewable energy may be right underneath us. Researchers at Worchester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Massachusetts announced today that they have discovered a method to use road surfaces for solar collection.

    The key is using the plentiful heat absorbed by asphalt pavement. By experimenting with different asphalt compositions, the team discovered that heat absorption in pavement can be significantly increased with the addition of highly conductive aggregates such as quartzite. Heat exchangers could be placed a few centimeters under the pavement to collect and use solar energy.

    http://cleantechnica.com/2008/08/18/new-technology-could-make-roads-a-solar-energy-source/

    and who said toll roads would be a “rip-off”?

    gee.. those guys could make money hand over fist…they charge you and arm and a leg to use the road while they’re selling power to NoVa localities …

    just think .. no more powerlines… you just harvest all that power from the gazillion square miles of existing asphalt…

    ….he sez.. with his tongue strictly in his cheek…

    … seriously.. I think.. we are going to see .. an explosion of new energy solutions… in the next 5-10 years that will be game-changes..

    some big existing companies are going to be turned into modern-day buggy-whip manufacturers…

    Here’s another one:

    “Ethanol yields hydrogen”

    Fuel cells that convert the chemical bonds between hydrogen atoms to energy are about three times more efficient than combustion engines that burn hydrocarbons. And fuel cells powered with pure hydrogen carry out the conversion cleanly.

    The trick is finding a cost-effective way to produce hydrogen without polluting the environment.

    Researchers from the University of Minnesota and the University of Patras in Greece have devised a way to extract hydrogen directly from ethanol, which would make for a renewable energy cycle. Ethanol is produced by converting biomass like cornstarch to sugar, then fermenting it.

    The researchers’ method is relatively simple, and an ethanol-to-hydrogen converter designed for home use would be not much larger than a coffee mug, according to Lanny Schmidt, a professor of chemical engineering and materials science at the University of Minnesota.

    http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/022504/Ethanol_yields_hydrogen_022504.html

  8. E M Risse Avatar
    E M Risse

    Two quick points:

    Larry asks a good question:
    “Who needs Nukes?”

    What is needed is a way to have prosperous, safe and happy citizens with vastly less use of energy because whatever the source it is going to cost far more than it did when we were buring up Natural Capital, especially to achieve Mobility and Access.

    Second: We will let others debate the fine points of Lake Anna 3. However, we have NEVER understood why with 25,000,000 acres in the Commonwealth and lots of man-made lakes, ANYONE would want a dwelling (first or second) or a boat anywhere near Lake Anna 1 and 2.

    EMR

  9. Anonymous Avatar
    Anonymous

    Larry, now I’m confused.

    Higher water temperature lowers its ability to carry disolved oxygen.

    As I understood it, North Anna is limited to 42 CFS because of the heat carried by the water. Dumping more into the lake heats the lake more and whatever warm water leaves the lake goes to the bay. The more water you dump, the lower the dissolved oxygen in the river and the more the Bay has to somehow make up.

    I think the vast mass and area of the lake act like a cooling tower to moderate the heat (and disolved oxygen capacity) before it is finally rejected to the stream.

    If Dominion adds another plant they will want to increase the flow to the lake, raising the temperature. Aside from affecting whatever is in the lake, those lake front cottages will be saunas at water temperatures above a 100.

    You want to run that whole thing by me again?

    ???

  10. Anonymous Avatar
    Anonymous

    Are we talking about the water south anna rejects to the lake, or the flows from the lake to the nearest stream? Or both?

    How does the power plant control what lake water goes to the stream? Don’t they pretty much have to let out as much as comes in (minus evaporation, as you point out? Otherwise the lake levels and temperature would vary dramatically: they would go up when lake water is witheld from the stream due to insufficient inflow, and go down when water is released to compenste for excess inflow.

    With out enough water entering and leaving the lake temperatures would eventually go up to the point the power plant had to cut back production to keep from violating the lake temperature permit.

    It sounds like you are saying they are only allowed to let a small amount of water leave the lake, and that seems hard to control.

    RH

  11. Larry Gross Avatar
    Larry Gross

    think of a lake on a river – as a river both upstream and downstream of the lake – and it flows THROUGH the lake.

    A big enough dam/lake … in periods of low flow like late summer can keep all of the water and not let any of it out.

    the holding back of the water could continue for a much longer period of time than what might happen naturally.

    for instance, the lake gets low.. and you get some rain ..perhaps the remnants of a hurricane.

    without the dam ..you’d get a rise and a fall.. with some new fresher.. oxygenated water..lower temps etc….

    with the dam.. you might not.

    What happens in the lake has an affect if the water in the lake is heated – and a lot more of it is lost to evaporation.. there is less water to release…for a longer period of time.

    The lower river.. instead of a seasonal fluctuation and surges ends up in a more or less permanent drought condition which results in less recharging…

    so the late season dead zones (which occur naturally) become bigger and longer lasting (not natural except in extreme droughts).

    over the longer run – this harms the habitat making it less hospitable for species that don’t do well in the aptly named dead zones.

    for instance crabs and oysters can survive on the fringes of a dead zone – unless the zone is so large and so long lasting that it affects their longer term use of that habitat.

    “Normally”, the North Anna – in summer may not flow even as much as 40 cfs – for relatively shorter periods of time – between rain and storm events that boost it up then it falls back.

    So think of it as a chart that undulates verses a chart that is flat-lined.

    If Dominion adds a 3rd nuke and it results in warmer water … two things will happen.. more evaportation.. and more need to use more of the static river flow to mitigate the temperature so as to not lose even more to evaportation.

    net result – less water available to release downstream.

    Dominion was telling folks that the 3rd reactor work “work” – at the same time inquiries about minimum instream flow were being made.

    ultimately, they went with a different cooling process that used less water… not so much to assuage the local group – as much as … if they used the original water intensive process and it led to flow problems .. a big fight would ensue and if they lost -they’d not be able to operate the plant at full power.

    Give the local group credit – they were being vigilant… and much of their concern is the longer term ills of many lakes – like eutrophication.

    also please note – that group goes out of it’s way to make sure that others know that they are not opposed to Nukes in general nor the North Anna nukes – and I know this sounds weird – but most people who live there are not concerned about the Nukes either.

    LOTS of folks are moving to that area and they have minimal impacts on the existing infrastructure (talking of growth and impacts)

    and the reason why is that the folks who move them are not long-distance commuters and they do not have kids.. so the two “biggies” roads and schools are not a problem… so both Spotsylvania and Louisa are quite fine with the ongoing development as the homes are high dollar tax generators.

  12. Anonymous Avatar
    Anonymous

    Thank you Larry, that makes more sense to me. for some reason I thought you were saying they were limited to a maximum release of 40 cfs.

    As for the homes, sans kids and schools, sounds like Martha’s Vineyard – with nukes.

    RH

  13. This story is a bit outdated but I just stumbled across it. One thing that should be cleared up is lake temperature.

    There are two sides to the lake. The smaller North Anna Waste Heat Treatment Facility, commonly referred to the hot side or private side of the lake receives water discharged from the plant. The much larger main body of Lake Anna, commonly referred to as the public or cold side of the lake, provides the cooling water. The two sides are separated by three dikes. 1.5 million to 2 million gallons of water per minute (depending on whether it is summer or winter) flows from the cold to the hot side via the plant.

    I do not know where the "99 degree" number comes from when referring to the public side as the lake does not even approach this temperature. The MUCH larger public (cold) side sees a maximum temperature of approximately 85 degrees in peak summer and hovers around 40 degrees for the majority of the winter. The plant heats this water approximately 20 degrees regardless of cold side temperature. When water leaves the plant it is typically 55-60 degrees in the winter and reaches a maximum of about 105 degrees for a couple of weeks in late August. This is at the discharge of the plant. By the time this water reaches the end of the discharge canal and enters the private side (hot side) of the lake this temperature dropped dramatically. By the time the discharged water reaches dike 3 where it merges with the cold side of the lake it is within 1 degree of the cold side. This means that if the cold side of the lake is 85 degrees the incoming warmer water will be no more than 86 degrees.

    The only way to experience 90+ degree water in all of Lake Anna is to be at the mouth of the discharge canal for a few weeks in late summer.

    A "99 degree lake" is a complete myth!

  14. An old blog, but I’d like to correct something. I have experienced water temps of over 90 degrees on the lake. More importantly there are reports to the NRC that indicate 90 degree temps on the cool side of the lake and temps up to 95 degrees in the waste heat treatment facility very near the discharge.

    http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors/new-licensing-files/naesp-59.pdf

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