Bacon's Rebellion

Democracy Thrives in Sunlight

Getting Stonewall Wrong. Again.

—

by

James A. Bacon
in

A 19th-century engraving of Arab enslavers.

If they’re going to write about the life of Stonewall Jackson and the statues erected to honor him, it would behoove Washington Post reporters to get their facts straight. A few days ago, Kerry Dougherty highlighted a howler of an error in an article by Post reporter Dave Phillips, who wrote that Jackson became an instructor at the Virginia Military Institute after the Civil War. (To those new to Virginia, Jackson died in 1863 after the battle of Chancellorsville.)

Ian Shapira, another Post reporter, is guilty of making a historical error. which he has repeated in more than one article. It crops up in his latest update on the latest turmoil at Virginia Military Institute, where it transpires that two board members resigned without explanation before the Board of Visitors voted to remove the Jackson statue.

In that article, Shapira writes: “Jackson, an enslaver of six people, taught at VMI before helping to lead the Confederate Army.”

Yes, it is a historical fact that Jackson owned six slaves, but he did not enslave them. The definition of “enslave” is to make someone a slave, or to cause someone to lose their freedom of choice or action. The people who enslaved other people during Jackson’s lifetime were located in Africa. By the 1860s, European and North American nations had suppressed the Atlantic slave trade, but the horrendous practice was alive and well in eastern Africa where Arab slavers were still raiding villages and “enslaving” the inhabitants for sale in Indian Ocean slave markets. Jackson did not “enslave” anyone.

Some might respond that the difference between “owning” and “enslaving” a person is a semantic distinction of no importance. Evil is evil. Perhaps that is true as a moral argument. But the fact is, owning and enslaving two are very different things. It would have been a trivial matter for Shapira to write, “Jackson, who owned six slaves, taught at VMI.”

His use of the term “enslaved” in more than one article betrays either an unwitting imprecision in language or a conscious desire to portray Jackson in the worst possible light.

— JAB

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42 responses to “Getting Stonewall Wrong. Again.”

  1. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
    James Wyatt Whitehead V

    Most of Jackson’s childhood is spent at Uncle Cummins Jackson’s place in Lewis County. Jackson’s Mill. Jackson applied to West Point, a distant relative Samuel Lewis Hayes was a Democratic Congressman looking for a nominee. 4 were considered. Gibson Butcher was selected. He had a well rounded education and longer access to tutors. Jackson was good at athletics and Math. A very poor reader. Butcher found West Point to difficult of a life and quit. Jackson was sent in his place. The first ray of sunshine this 18 year old had ever had. He had a tough upbringing. Jackson was last in his class the first year and had to work hard to graduate in the middle of the pack. His disciplined study habits were legendary. His classmates north and south remarked that if Jackson had one more year at West Point he might have graduated first.

    Uncle Cummins is a character. Struck a small silver vein near Jackson’s Mill. Minted counterfeit silver coins and was jailed. Busted out of jail and struck a real gold strike in the California Rush. Became ill and died near Mt. Shasta. His son or nephew blew the fortune in San Francisco and returned to Jackson’s Mills with empty pockets.

  2. LarrytheG Avatar
    LarrytheG

    Was curious how Jackson became a slave owner… He apparently came from modest circumstances. He went to West Point to get an education and on entrance was ranked at the bottom of his class.

    How did someone of such modest circumstances, apparently not from a plantation lifestyle, become a slave owner?

    1. Nancy_Naive Avatar
      Nancy_Naive

      Determination!

  3. LarrytheG Avatar
    LarrytheG

    Was curious how Jackson became a slave owner… He apparently came from modest circumstances. He went to West Point to get an education and on entrance was ranked at the bottom of his class.

    How did someone of such modest circumstances, apparently not from a plantation lifestyle, become a slave owner?

    1. Nancy_Naive Avatar
      Nancy_Naive

      Determination!

    2. Wanda Werks Avatar
      Wanda Werks

      Albert, his first slave, came to Jackson and asked for him to purchase him and to allow him to emancipate himself by returning the purchase price. Jackson agreed to help the man. Albert never lived with the Jackson family, he took a job at a hotel and worked there. The one occasion when Albert lived with the family is when he became ill, Jackson took him in to care for him because Albert had no family. Albert earned his “freedom” before Stonewall Jackson’s death in 1863.

      The next was Aunt Amy, who like Albert, came to Jackson because she was about to be sold by her owner because he was in debt. Jackson helped her and then put her in a good Christian home because he had no home of his own at the time. Later, she proved her gratitude by serving him faithfully when he married and bought his own home. She was one of the best cooks in all of Lexington. After the war broke up the home, Aunt Amy remained in Lexington and even though Jackson was away in battle, he asked a friend to care for Amy. Jackson gave money to his friend who helped him provide her with everything that she needed When she became ill, she received the best care. It is widely known that she had one of the most memorable black funerals in Lexington. Jackson was devastated at the news of her passing. The letter that his friend wrote to him regarding her death was included in “Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson” By Mary Anna Jackson.

      Next was Hetty, who had belonged to Mary Anna Jackson’s father. She had been Mary Anna’s nurse in infancy. They had a strong bond, and when Mary Anna married, she wished to go live with Mary Anna. So her father transferred ownership of Hetty and her 2 sons to his daughter. When they came to live with Jackson, Hetty, who was strong willed, learned quickly that Jackson’s home was one of structure, as he was a very structured man and he had a strict daily schedule for himself. She befriended him and was the nurse for his infant daughter at the time of his death. When he passed, through her tears, Hetty said that she had lost her best friend.
      Hetty’s sons, Cyrus and George, were taught to read and attended family Bible study, Sunday School and Church. He instructed the boys and helped them to become good young men. They were polite, hard working and Jackson rewarded them with small sums of money to spend as they wanted and gifts at Christmas. Hetty and her sons returned to North Carolina after the war. George founded a church and became a deacon. He married twice and had 8 children. George lived to be 74 years old and his obituary stated that he was proud to have been a servant of Gen. Stonewall Jackson.

      Emma was a 4 year old little girl when they took her in on the request of an aged lady who lived in town, the child had come into her care when she was orphaned.

  4. gorhamg Avatar
    gorhamg

    In a story about Lee, WRC channel 4 news promoted him to President Lee

  5. gorhamg Avatar
    gorhamg

    In a story about Lee, WRC channel 4 news promoted him to President Lee

  6. Nancy_Naive Avatar
    Nancy_Naive

    One example of Martin Gardner’s flotsam and jetsam. Whatever did this man do to better mankind other than command the deaths of thousands?

    1. Emilio Jaksetic Avatar
      Emilio Jaksetic

      “Whatever did this man do to better mankind other than X” can be a clever quip, but it is superficial and too facile.

      When FDR asked Congress to declare war against Japan after Pearl Harbor was attacked, and Congress declared war, those decisions led to the deaths of thousands. And the Allied military leaders who carried out their duties after war was declared against Japan gave orders that led to the deaths of thousands. Some of those military leaders carried out their duty and returned to their pre-war lives without doing anything to better mankind in general. Their actions cannot and should not be cavalierly dismissed with a quip.

      1. John Harvie Avatar
        John Harvie

        What planet did you just descend from?

        1. gorhamg Avatar
          gorhamg

          You can disagree but if you are really intelligent you understand the opposite view. I think you will do best by trying harder to understand.

  7. Nancy_Naive Avatar
    Nancy_Naive

    One example of Martin Gardner’s flotsam and jetsam. Whatever did this man do to better mankind other than command the deaths of thousands?

    1. Emilio Jaksetic Avatar
      Emilio Jaksetic

      “Whatever did this man do to better mankind other than X” can be a clever quip, but it is superficial and too facile.

      When FDR asked Congress to declare war against Japan after Pearl Harbor was attacked, and Congress declared war, those decisions led to the deaths of thousands. And the Allied military leaders who carried out their duties after war was declared against Japan gave orders that led to the deaths of thousands. Some of those military leaders carried out their duty and returned to their pre-war lives without doing anything to better mankind in general. Their actions cannot and should not be cavalierly dismissed with a quip.

      1. John Harvie Avatar
        John Harvie

        What planet did you just descend from?

  8. TooManyTaxes Avatar
    TooManyTaxes

    As a descendent of two Union soldiers, I don’t pay much reverence to Confederate generals. But TJ Jackson did knowingly violate Virginia state law by opening a Presbyterian Sunday School that also taught blacks to read. Should he have gone further, even under the standards of the time, and freed his slaves based on his religious beliefs? Yes.

    1. Reed Fawell 3rd Avatar
      Reed Fawell 3rd

      Jackson defied many powerful folk in Lexington to open, teach at, and operate that school for blacks.

      1. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
        James Wyatt Whitehead V

        Jackson’s former slave George operated a school for freed slaves in NC in the Reconstruction Era. That too was a risky business.

  9. TooManyTaxes Avatar
    TooManyTaxes

    As a descendent of two Union soldiers, I don’t pay much reverence to Confederate generals. But TJ Jackson did knowingly violate Virginia state law by opening a Presbyterian Sunday School that also taught blacks to read. Should he have gone further, even under the standards of the time, and freed his slaves based on his religious beliefs? Yes.

    1. Reed Fawell 3rd Avatar
      Reed Fawell 3rd

      Jackson defied many powerful folk in Lexington to open, teach at, and operate that school for blacks.

      1. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
        James Wyatt Whitehead V

        Jackson’s former slave George operated a school for freed slaves in NC in the Reconstruction Era. That too was a risky business.

    2. Wanda Werks Avatar
      Wanda Werks

      Albert, his first slave, came to Jackson and asked for him to purchase him and to allow him to emancipate himself by returning the purchase price. Jackson agreed to help the man. Albert never lived with the Jackson family, he took a job at a hotel and worked there. The one occasion when Albert lived with the family is when he became ill, Jackson took him in to care for him because Albert had no family. Albert earned his “freedom” before Stonewall Jackson’s death in 1863.

      The next was Aunt Amy, who like Albert, came to Jackson because she was about to be sold by her owner because he was in debt. Jackson helped her and then put her in a good Christian home because he had no home of his own at the time. Later, she proved her gratitude by serving him faithfully when he married and bought his own home. She was one of the best cooks in all of Lexington. After the war broke up the home, Aunt Amy remained in Lexington and even though Jackson was away in battle, he asked a friend to care for Amy. Jackson gave money to his friend who helped him provide her with everything that she needed When she became ill, she received the best care. It is widely known that she had one of the most memorable black funerals in Lexington. Jackson was devastated at the news of her passing. The letter that his friend wrote to him regarding her death was included in “Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson” By Mary Anna Jackson.

      Next was Hetty, who had belonged to Mary Anna Jackson’s father. She had been Mary Anna’s nurse in infancy. They had a strong bond, and when Mary Anna married, she wished to go live with Mary Anna. So her father transferred ownership of Hetty and her 2 sons to his daughter. When they came to live with Jackson, Hetty, who was strong willed, learned quickly that Jackson’s home was one of structure, as he was a very structured man and he had a strict daily schedule for himself. She befriended him and was the nurse for his infant daughter at the time of his death. When he passed, through her tears, Hetty said that she had lost her best friend.
      Hetty’s sons, Cyrus and George, were taught to read and attended family Bible study, Sunday School and Church. He instructed the boys and helped them to become good young men. They were polite, hard working and Jackson rewarded them with small sums of money to spend as they wanted and gifts at Christmas. Hetty and her sons returned to North Carolina after the war. George founded a church and became a deacon. He married twice and had 8 children. George lived to be 74 years old and his obituary stated that he was proud to have been a servant of Gen. Stonewall Jackson.

      Emma was a 4 year old little girl when they took her in on the request of an aged lady who lived in town, the child had come into her care when she was orphaned.

  10. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
    James Wyatt Whitehead V

    In the late 1850s six slaves joined the Jackson household. Albert was the first to be purchased. Supposedly begged Jackson to buy him. Albert promised to get a job and obtain his freedom by reimbursing Jackson’s purchase. Albert worked as a waiter in a Lexington hotel and also at the Rockbridge Alum Mineral Springs. From 1858-60 Albert was rented to VMI for $120 annually.

    The second slave was Amy. Joins the Jackson household in 1855. 40 year old slave who was about to sold again on the auction block. Supposedly begged Jackson to buy her. She proved her gratitude by serving Jackson faithfully. Jackson’s wife Anna had a close relationship with Amy. A skilled cook and housekeeper.

    The next three slaves were gifts from Jackson’s second father in law Dr. Morrison. Hetty served the Jackson household as a nurse to the children of the major and Anna. Hetty is described as energetic, impulsive, quick tempered, and assertive. Hetty is described as a “factotum” and ran the day to day operations of the Jackson household.

    Cyrus and George were teenage sons of Hetty. Jackson did not trust them at first. That changed. Anna taught the boys how to read and write. Cyrus and George were avid church goers. They worked as carriage drivers.

    Emma was a four year old orphaned slave. Jackson accepted Emma from an aged widow in Lexington. Emma proved to be a difficult child for the Jackson household. The major personally took Emma under his wing. Taught her how to read and write. Emma could recite the catechism from memory.

    Jackson is described as a strict but kind master. He willing gave “that which is just and equal” and expected obedience in return.

    Jackson was a lifelong Democrat. He favored a compromise on slavery. He objected to John Brown’s methods of ending slavery. Yet he did admire that Brown was willing to make his own sacrifice to stop a sin against God. As Jackson watched Brown hang from a rope he offered a prayer for Brown’s soul.

    I do not know what became of Albert, Hetty, George, Cyrus, Emma, and Amy.

    This is from Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend
    By James I Robertson Jr.

    1. LarrytheG Avatar
      LarrytheG

      Thank you James. So his family as he was growing up, did not have slaves? He was not from wealth or the plantation world?

      1. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
        James Wyatt Whitehead V

        When Jackson was a young boy his father died. His mother, Julia, remarried but to a luckless man. Julia sent Jackson and his sister away to Jackson’s uncle in Jackson Mills, WV. Julia was too poor to keep a family. I do believe Jackson’s extended family including the uncle who raised him as a teen owned a small number of slaves.

        Jackson was certainly not from wealth or means or the plantation world you might think of in Gone With the Wind. He married twice. To daughters of preachers. The second marriage brought some measure of middle class wealth to Jackson. Dr. Morrison of NC, the 2nd father in did have some money and slaves.

        Jackson’s slave owning status in the late 1850s is typical for a Virginian living in a town or city. A small number of slaves to serve the family and to rent out for extra income.

        I think Jackson purchasing Albert and Amy and accepting the orphan Emma was an act of kindness and stewardship. At least in his eyes and in his times I believe that is how he felt about those slaves. That is probably something many today have a hard time accepting or believing. Of course we really don’t know. Too much of this story is lost to time and retellings.

        The three slaves Hetty, George, and Cyrus were wedding gifts from the 2nd father in law Dr. Morrison.

        Very little is known about the post war lives of Albert, Amy, and Emma. Hetty, George and Cyrus appear to have returned to NC and lived amongst the Morrison family for a while. That was not uncommon to see in the early days of Reconstruction. Freed slaves had to have somewhere to go, somewhere to work, and a sense of belonging. Not unusual at all to find the former master employing and caring for the former slaves.

        https://www.wvtf.org/post/new-research-sheds-light-slaves-owned-stonewall-jackson#stream/0

        1. LarrytheG Avatar
          LarrytheG

          James, I really appreciate the history you are relating. I am ignorant on this, truly.

          And perhaps like an impertinent student or lout – I sorta found the phrase “orphan slave” to be a curious concept since slaves were free labor for whoever owned them and it was not unusual for sons/daughters to be sold to others away from their parents, no?

          I plead ignorance… again…

          1. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
            James Wyatt Whitehead V

            I think the story on Emma was that her owner was an older lady and a widow. Emma was a 4 year old difficult child and slow learner. Perhaps the widow did not have the means to care for Emma. It might have been hard to sell Emma. Anna Jackson seems to have given up on training Emma. Jackson himself did that. Jackson did have a good reputation in the treatment of his slaves. Perhaps that was a factor in accepting Emma. I believe Emma was separated from her parents and the only slave in the widow’s household. That is what has been retold. It really is hard to know for sure. Verbal/oral history is tricky business after a 150 years.

          2. LarrytheG Avatar
            LarrytheG

            Thank you much James for the history. Anything else you want to add will be much welcomed.

  11. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
    James Wyatt Whitehead V

    In the late 1850s six slaves joined the Jackson household. Albert was the first to be purchased. Supposedly begged Jackson to buy him. Albert promised to get a job and obtain his freedom by reimbursing Jackson’s purchase. Albert worked as a waiter in a Lexington hotel and also at the Rockbridge Alum Mineral Springs. From 1858-60 Albert was rented to VMI for $120 annually.

    The second slave was Amy. Joins the Jackson household in 1855. 40 year old slave who was about to sold again on the auction block. Supposedly begged Jackson to buy her. She proved her gratitude by serving Jackson faithfully. Jackson’s wife Anna had a close relationship with Amy. A skilled cook and housekeeper.

    The next three slaves were gifts from Jackson’s second father in law Dr. Morrison. Hetty served the Jackson household as a nurse to the children of the major and Anna. Hetty is described as energetic, impulsive, quick tempered, and assertive. Hetty is described as a “factotum” and ran the day to day operations of the Jackson household.

    Cyrus and George were teenage sons of Hetty. Jackson did not trust them at first. That changed. Anna taught the boys how to read and write. Cyrus and George were avid church goers. They worked as carriage drivers.

    Emma was a four year old orphaned slave. Jackson accepted Emma from an aged widow in Lexington. Emma proved to be a difficult child for the Jackson household. The major personally took Emma under his wing. Taught her how to read and write. Emma could recite the catechism from memory.

    Jackson is described as a strict but kind master. He willing gave “that which is just and equal” and expected obedience in return.

    Jackson was a lifelong Democrat. He favored a compromise on slavery. He objected to John Brown’s methods of ending slavery. Yet he did admire that Brown was willing to make his own sacrifice to stop a sin against God. As Jackson watched Brown hang from a rope he offered a prayer for Brown’s soul.

    I do not know what became of Albert, Hetty, George, Cyrus, Emma, and Amy.

    This is from Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend
    By James I Robertson Jr.

    1. LarrytheG Avatar
      LarrytheG

      Thank you James. So his family as he was growing up, did not have slaves? He was not from wealth or the plantation world?

      1. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
        James Wyatt Whitehead V

        When Jackson was a young boy his father died. His mother, Julia, remarried but to a luckless man. Julia sent Jackson and his sister away to Jackson’s uncle in Jackson Mills, WV. Julia was too poor to keep a family. I do believe Jackson’s extended family including the uncle who raised him as a teen owned a small number of slaves.

        Jackson was certainly not from wealth or means or the plantation world you might think of in Gone With the Wind. He married twice. To daughters of preachers. The second marriage brought some measure of middle class wealth to Jackson. Dr. Morrison of NC, the 2nd father in did have some money and slaves.

        Jackson’s slave owning status in the late 1850s is typical for a Virginian living in a town or city. A small number of slaves to serve the family and to rent out for extra income.

        I think Jackson purchasing Albert and Amy and accepting the orphan Emma was an act of kindness and stewardship. At least in his eyes and in his times I believe that is how he felt about those slaves. That is probably something many today have a hard time accepting or believing. Of course we really don’t know. Too much of this story is lost to time and retellings.

        The three slaves Hetty, George, and Cyrus were wedding gifts from the 2nd father in law Dr. Morrison.

        Very little is known about the post war lives of Albert, Amy, and Emma. Hetty, George and Cyrus appear to have returned to NC and lived amongst the Morrison family for a while. That was not uncommon to see in the early days of Reconstruction. Freed slaves had to have somewhere to go, somewhere to work, and a sense of belonging. Not unusual at all to find the former master employing and caring for the former slaves.

        https://www.wvtf.org/post/new-research-sheds-light-slaves-owned-stonewall-jackson#stream/0

        1. LarrytheG Avatar
          LarrytheG

          James, I really appreciate the history you are relating. I am ignorant on this, truly.

          And perhaps like an impertinent student or lout – I sorta found the phrase “orphan slave” to be a curious concept since slaves were free labor for whoever owned them and it was not unusual for sons/daughters to be sold to others away from their parents, no?

          I plead ignorance… again…

          1. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
            James Wyatt Whitehead V

            I think the story on Emma was that her owner was an older lady and a widow. Emma was a 4 year old difficult child and slow learner. Perhaps the widow did not have the means to care for Emma. It might have been hard to sell Emma. Anna Jackson seems to have given up on training Emma. Jackson himself did that. Jackson did have a good reputation in the treatment of his slaves. Perhaps that was a factor in accepting Emma. I believe Emma was separated from her parents and the only slave in the widow’s household. That is what has been retold. It really is hard to know for sure. Verbal/oral history is tricky business after a 150 years.

          2. LarrytheG Avatar
            LarrytheG

            Thank you much James for the history. Anything else you want to add will be much welcomed.

        2. Wanda Werks Avatar
          Wanda Werks

          Nice to see someone else knows the truth of it.

  12. Peter Galuszka Avatar
    Peter Galuszka

    Jackson is from Harrison County w.va (then va). He grew up on a farm but his family had some political influence which helped get him into West Point. I do know about slaves but the place wasn’t big on slaves. I lived there as a boy in the 1960s. I went back in 1999 to cover a Ku Klux Klan rally that used a statue of Jackson for a prop. It didn’t seem that the dozen or So KKK people were local. Not many Blacks lived there but the family vet for our two pet beagles was Black.

  13. Peter Galuszka Avatar
    Peter Galuszka

    Jackson is from Harrison County w.va (then va). He grew up on a farm but his family had some political influence which helped get him into West Point. I do know about slaves but the place wasn’t big on slaves. I lived there as a boy in the 1960s. I went back in 1999 to cover a Ku Klux Klan rally that used a statue of Jackson for a prop. It didn’t seem that the dozen or So KKK people were local. Not many Blacks lived there but the family vet for our two pet beagles was Black.

  14. James Wyatt Whitehead V Avatar
    James Wyatt Whitehead V

    Most of Jackson’s childhood is spent at Uncle Cummins Jackson’s place in Lewis County. Jackson’s Mill. Jackson applied to West Point, a distant relative Samuel Lewis Hayes was a Democratic Congressman looking for a nominee. 4 were considered. Gibson Butcher was selected. He had a well rounded education and longer access to tutors. Jackson was good at athletics and Math. A very poor reader. Butcher found West Point to difficult of a life and quit. Jackson was sent in his place. The first ray of sunshine this 18 year old had ever had. He had a tough upbringing. Jackson was last in his class the first year and had to work hard to graduate in the middle of the pack. His disciplined study habits were legendary. His classmates north and south remarked that if Jackson had one more year at West Point he might have graduated first.

    Uncle Cummins is a character. Struck a small silver vein near Jackson’s Mill. Minted counterfeit silver coins and was jailed. Busted out of jail and struck a real gold strike in the California Rush. Became ill and died near Mt. Shasta. His son or nephew blew the fortune in San Francisco and returned to Jackson’s Mills with empty pockets.

  15. TooManyTaxes Avatar
    TooManyTaxes

    The Washington Post. Wasn’t that the paper that published Janet Cooke’s great story called “Jimmie’s World” back in 1981? It was so great that media legend and assistant managing editor Bob Woodward submitted the story for the Pulitzer Prize. And, by goodness, the nomination turned into a Pulitzer Prize for Ms. Cooke. I guess that sets a high bar for Mr. Shapira.

  16. Peter Galuszka Avatar
    Peter Galuszka

    The Roanoke times broke the VMI alum story in June. Michael Paul williams of the rtd has a good column on the issue. As for me and The Post, one of my few corrections was when I mistakenly wrote that the Yankees burned Richmond.

  17. TooManyTaxes Avatar
    TooManyTaxes

    The Washington Post. Wasn’t that the paper that published Janet Cooke’s great story called “Jimmie’s World” back in 1981? It was so great that media legend and assistant managing editor Bob Woodward submitted the story for the Pulitzer Prize. And, by goodness, the nomination turned into a Pulitzer Prize for Ms. Cooke. I guess that sets a high bar for Mr. Shapira.

  18. Peter Galuszka Avatar
    Peter Galuszka

    The Roanoke times broke the VMI alum story in June. Michael Paul williams of the rtd has a good column on the issue. As for me and The Post, one of my few corrections was when I mistakenly wrote that the Yankees burned Richmond.

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